在这个问题上最有典型含义而且具有高度概括性的是德国行政法上的"份额准则”(prinzip der verhaltnismassigkeit)。它是指行政权利损害公民权益时,尽管有必要有法令依据,但有必要挑选最小的损害。它注重在施行公权利行为的手法与行政意图之间,应当存在—定的“份额”联系。份额准则源于19世纪德国的差人法学,以为差人权利的行使只需在“必要时”,才干约束公民权利。德国学者所谓“不行用大炮打小鸟”,我国谚语“杀鸡用牛刀”
7.行政机关行使裁量权时,忽视市民法令上合法之等待(an exercise of a discretionary power disregarding citizen’s legitimate expectation);
8.行政机关行使裁量权时,法令解说不恰当(an exercise of a discretionary power that direct himself improperly in law);
9.行政机关行使裁量权时,违背禁反言准则(例如违背契约或许诺)(an exercise of a discretionary power that constitutes breach of estoppel, such as the breach of representation);
10.行政机关行使裁量权时,其行使是如此之不合理(或荒唐、凶狠、过错),以至于任何具有理性之人均不行能如此行使(an exercise of a discretionary power that is so unreasonable, including absurd, outrageous, and wrong, that no sensible person could have so exercised the power)。